No worries, sylphide.
Here's the opening chapter from Meng's upcoming book "Mahjong for Dummies - Singapore Edition". Please read up and familiarise yourself before the mahjong session on 1 Jan 08.
By the way, I am not associated with the "All Dragon game" as mentioned within the chapter.
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Singapore Mahjong Rules
The following describes the rules for Singapore Mahjong that are followed by the computer game at this web site.
In general these rules apply to the Singapore style of mahjong. In practice there are always variations to rules and
some of the known variations will be pointed out in the description below. There are many different ways to play
Mahjong. Each country, region, and even household may play with a different set of rules. However, there is a
good portion of the rules that remain common throughout most of the different variations that are played.
Rule differences are pointed out below when know.
The Tile Set
The tile set is made up of 148 tiles. These 148 tiles are broken into suits that contain 136 total playable tiles,
flower suit tiles that contain 8 tiles, and animal suit tiles that contain 4 tiles.
The Bamboo, Circle, and Numbers suits.
There are 36 tiles each of the Circle, Bamboo, and Numbers Suit. Each one of these suits has numerical tiles
ranging from one to nine containing 4 tiles for each number in the suit. These tiles are shown below.
Bamboo Suit
Circle Suit
Numbers Suit
The Honor suit
The Honor Suit is made up of 2 types of tiles, the Dragon Tiles and the Wind Tiles which are explained below.
The Dragon Tiles. (Dai Sam Guan)
There are three unique tiles within the dragon suit with each unique tile having four tiles each for a
total of 12 tiles. Each unique tile is referred to as the Green Dragon, Red Dragon, and White Dragon.
The Wind Tiles. (Dua See Hee)
There are four unique tiles within the wind suit with each unique tile having four tiles each for a
total of 16 tiles. Each unique tile is referred to as the East Wind, South Wind, West Wind, and North Wind.
The Flower Suit
There are 2 sets of flower tiles called the Red Flower Suit and the Black Flower Suit with each set containing
four unique tiles for a total of 8 tiles. Each flower set has tiles numbered from 1 to 4. The number
1 corresponds to the East Wind, the number 2 corresponds to the South Wind, the number 3 corresponds
to the West Wind, and the number 4 corresponds to the North Wind.
The Animal Suit.
There are 4 animal tiles with each one displaying a unique animal.
Types of valid Mahjong combinations
A CHOW contains 3 tiles in numerical sequence of the same suit. For example a 5, 6, 7 of Circles
(shown below) is considered a CHOW. The Honor Suit Tiles, Flower Suit Tiles and Animal Tiles
cannot be used in a CHOW (Eat).
A PONG contains 3 tiles of the same number and suit. An example of a PONG is shown below.
The Flower Suit Tiles and Animal Tiles cannot be used in a PONG.
A KONG contains 4 tiles of the same number and suit. An example of a KONG is shown below.
The Flower Suit Tiles and Animal Tiles cannot be used in a KONG.
An EYE contains 2 tiles of the same number and suit. An example of an EYE is shown below.
The Flower Suit Tiles and Animal Tiles cannot be used as an EYE. When a Kong is formed
a replacement tile is selected by the user. More on this below.
Achieving Mahjong
To achieve Mahjong you must have one and only one EYE and 4 sets of any combination of CHOW's,
PONG's, and KONG's.
How to play
Mahjong Game, Mahjong Round, and Banker Definition
A game of mahjong is where tiles are distributed to the players and the game is played until a players
declares Mahjong (GAME) or the unused tiles run out and the game is over (nobody wins). A round
of mahjong is made up of many games. At the beginning of the mahjong round a banker is determined
usually by rolling the dice. For the purposes of the computer game the computer user is chosen to be
the initial banker. When a player has Mahjong (GAME) or the tiles run out and someone has declared
a KONG, the banker position rotates to the player to the right (counterclockwise) of the banker of the
previous game, otherwise the banker remains the same. A mahjong round is complete when the banker
position has rotated around the table four times.
Prevailing Wind
When the mahjong round starts the Prevailing Wind starts at the East position. When the banker position
rotates one full time around the table the prevailing wind changes to South, then West, then finally North.
After the North prevailing wind the round is complete. The prevailing wind can be determined by looking at the middle of the compass
Player Wind
During each game, a player is assigned a wind value. This Player Wind value is different from the Prevailing Wind.
The banker always has the East Player Wind for that game, and the player to the right of the banker is the South
Player Wind. The player to the right of the South Player Wind is the West player Wind, and the player to the right
of the West Player Wind is the North player Wind. You can easily identify the player winds of all the players by
looking at the compass on the game board. An example is given below.
Starting the game
The 148 tiles are shuffled and each player selects 13 tiles to start the game. Each player starts with 13 tiles
and these tiles are not seen by the other players. These are called the players concealed tiles. If a player has
a tile(s) in the animal or flower suit they must put that tile up to show the rest of the players. These tiles
remain up for the rest of the game and are referred to as the players exposed tiles. When a player exposes
an animal or flower tile, they will take a replacement tile from opposite end of the remaining unused tiles.
The player who is the banker for this game will start by taking another tile from the remaining unused tiles.
At this point the banker has 14 tiles and must discard a tile. The banker will discard a tile which is then shown
to the rest of the players.
Playing the game
When a tile is discarded by a player, the other players have the option of using that tile when it is first discarded.
The different options for using discarded tiles are described below. If no one wants to use that discarded tile, the
player to the right of the player who discarded picks a new tile and adds it to his concealed tiles. After the player
picks a new tile they will discard a tile.
Mahjong Moves
GAME MOVE
When a tile is discarded, any other player may decide that they would like to win the game using that tile.
If more than one person can win the game using that discarded tile then the person closest to the right hand
side of the player (counterclockwise from the player) who discarded the tile will have priority and win the game.
Further, the GAME move has priority over the KONG, PONG, and CHOW moves. A player invokes this
move by clicking the GAME button. A player may not use a discarded tile to GAME (win) if that same tile was
discarded previously and was not used by that player after that players last move. A players last move is defined
by any new tile, chow, pong, or kong that was performed by the player. A player may not GAME on a tile that
they last discarded. If a player picks a new tile and wants to win the game, they may do so
To win the game a player must have a valid Mahjong combination and have the minimum number of Fan
to win the game. (more on Fans below).
KONG MOVE
There are 3 unique ways to perform the KONG move.
Three Concealed Tiles Kong
When a tile is discarded and a player has 3 of the same tiles in the concealed tiles, the player may declare a KONG
move by clicking the KONG button. When this happens, the 3 concealed tiles and the discarded tile is moved
to the players exposed tiles and the player will pick a replacement tile from the opposite side of the remaining tiles.
One Concealed Tile Kong
When a new tile is picked by a player, and that player has 3 of the same tiles in the exposed tiles, that player
may declare a KONG move by clicking the KONG button. When this happens the new picked tile in the
concealed tiles is transferred to the exposed tiles and the player will pick a replacement tile. Note, when a
player performs this type of Kong, the tile that is put in the exposed tiles is treated
as a discard for that moment. Any other player can use that tile to win the game if they are able. This is
called Robbing the Kong.
Four Concealed Tiles Kong.
When a new tile is picked by a player, and there are 4 of the same tiles in that players concealed tiles,
that player may declare a KONG move by clicking the KONG button. When this happens, the 4 concealed
tiles used for the Kong are transferred to the exposed tiles and the player will pick a replacement tile.
If a player invokes the KONG move and more than one KONG move is possible, the player must click
on the tile that they wish to KONG.
PONG MOVE
When a tile is discarded, any other player may decide that they would like to PONG using that tile. When a
player PONG's a discarded tile, the discarded tile plus two tiles from the players concealed tiles are moved to
that players exposed tiles. A player may not use a discarded tile to PONG if that same tile was discarded
previously and was not used by that player after that players last move. A players last move is defined by any
new tile, chow, pong, or kong that was performed by the player. A player may not PONG on a tile that they
last discarded. The GAME and KONG moves have priority over the PONG move.
CHOW MOVE
When a tile is discarded, the player to the right of the player who discarded may choose to CHOW the tile.
When a player CHOW's a discarded tile, the discarded tile plus two tiles from the players concealed tiles are
moved to that players exposed tiles.
The GAME, KONG, and PONG moves have priority over the CHOW move. If the user decides to CHOW
there may be multiple ways of obtaining the CHOW. The user should click on the tiles that they wish to use
for the CHOW. A player may not CHOW on a tile that he last discarded.
NEXT MOVE
If a player does not want to use the discarded tile, the NEXT MOVE button is selected and play will proceed.
When is the game finished?
The game is finished when someone wins the game or when there are 15 tiles left. When a player picks
the last remaining new tile in play, it may be used to win the game or perform a Kong. It also can be used to
complete an animal or flower set. However that player is not required to discard any tiles after the last tile has
been taken. After the last tile has been taken a replacement tile for a Kong, Flower or Animal will not be taken.
The computer game will ask for a discard (the player should click NEXT MOVE) in this situation, however
the card is not actually discarded and the game is finished at that point.
Types of Mahjong games
All Chow game
In Singapore Mahjong the rules for All Chow game are very unique and different from other types of Mahjong.
To have an All Chow game the following criteria must be meet;
1. The EYE cannot be a Dragon Tile or the Prevailing Wind or the Players Wind for that game.
2. The tiles must be made up of one EYE and four CHOWs.
3. If the player wins the game on a discarded tile, there must be more than one unique
tile that could have caused the player to win the game (get mahjong).
Ping Wu game
A Ping Wu game is an All Chow game with no tiles of the flower suit or animal suit in the players
exposed tiles.
All Pong game
To have an All Pong game the tiles must be made of an EYE and four PONG's and or KONG's.
Half Color game
To have a Half Color game you must have mahjong. The tiles must be made of the either the
Bamboo suit, the Circle Suit, or Numbers Suit combined with tiles from the Honor Suit (Winds and Dragons).
Full Color game
To have a Full Color game you must have mahjong. The tiles must be made of the either the
Bamboo suit only, the Circle Suit only, the Numbers Suit only, or the Honor Suit only.
All one's and nine's game
To have an All one's and nine's game you must have mahjong. All the tiles must be a
combination of one's and nine's only.
Half one's and nine's game
To have a Half one's and nine's game you must have mahjong. All the tiles must be a
combination of one's and nine's combined with the Honor Suit (Wind Suit and Dragon Suit).
13 Wonders game
To have 13 Wonders you must have the one and the nine of the Bamboo suit, the Circle
Suit, and the Numbers Suit along with each unique tile in the Honors suit. You must also
have an EYE which can be made up of any of the above mentioned tiles.
Eight flower suit tile game
In the case that a player has all eight Flower Suit tiles that person automatically wins the game
regardless of their other tiles. If a player has seven Flower Suit tiles and another player
picks the eighth and last Flower Suit tile, this eighth Flower Suit tile is automatically transferred
to the player with seven Flower Suit tiles and that player automatically wins the game
regardless of whether they have a valid mahjong combination.
All Dragon game
In the case where a player has a Pong or Kong of all the 3 dragons tiles they will automatically
win the game regardless of whether they have a valid mahjong combination.
All Wind game
In the case where a player has a Pong or Kong of all the 4 wind tiles they will automatically
win the game regardless of whether they have a valid mahjong combination.
What is a Fan (or Double)?
A Fan is something that will double the number of points that can be won for that particular game.
Fan values are assigned to different tiles, tile combinations, and unique winning games. Fan values
add together, such that if there are three tiles that are worth one Fan a piece, the player has a
total of three Fan. Only the winning player for each game gets credit for the Fan that they
have at the end of the game.
How to get Fan (or Doubles)?
There are many ways to get Fans during each game. Below is a list of the different ways and the
values assigned to each way.
A Pong or Kong of any the Dragon Tiles - 1 Fan for each
A Pong or Kong of the Prevailing Wind for that game - 1 Fan
A Pong or Kong of the Player Game Wind for that game - 1 Fan
All Chow Game - 1 Fan
Ping Wu Game - 4 Fan
All Pong Game - 2 Fan
Half Color Game - 2 Fan
Full Color Game - 4 Fan
All one's and nine's game - 5 Fan
Half one's and nine's game - 1 Fan (some people play 2 Fan)
13 Wonders Game - 5 Fan (Limt number of Fan)
Animal Suit tiles - 1 Fan for each
Complete set of the Animal Suit - 1 extra Fan (5 Fan total)
Flower Suit tiles that match the Players Wind - 1 Fan for each
Complete set of Red Flower Suit - 1 extra Fan (2 Fan total)
Complete set of Black Flower Suit - 1 extra Fan (2 Fan total)
Picking the winning tile after a flower suit or animal suit with a replacement tile - 1 Fan
Picking the winning tile after a Kong Move with a replacement tile - 1 Fan
Picking the winning tile on the last valid tile left in the game - 1 Fan
Winning the game on a tile when another player performs a One Concealed Tile Kong (Robbing the Kong) - 1 Fan
Winning the game with seven or eight flower suit tiles - 5 Fan (Limit number of Fan)
Winning the game with a pong and/or a kong of each of the Dragon Tiles - 2 extra Fan (Limt number of Fan)
Winning the game with a pong and/or a kong of each of the Wind Tiles - 3 extra Fan (Limt number of Fan)
Winning the game with a pong and/or a kong of two of the three Dragon Tiles
and having the third Dragon tile as the EYE - 1 extra Fan (3 Fan total)
Winning the game with a pong and/or a kong of three of the four Dragon Tiles
and having the third Dragon tile as the EYE - 4 Fan total
Minimum Fan (Doubles) to win the game.
There is a minimum number of Fan that is needed for a player to win a game. The default setting
for the game is 1 Fan, however this can be changed under the options menu.
Maximum Fan Limit (Doubles Limit)
There is a maximum number of Fan that is allowed for a player when they win a game. The default
setting for the game is 5 Fan, however this can be changed under the options menu.
How does a player win the game?
To win the game, a player must have a valid mahjong combination and at least the minimum number of
Fan. The exceptions to this rule are when the player has 13 wonders, 8 flowers, all dragons and all winds.